重磅|读后续写思考之四——找线索、明主题、搭建语法支架

重磅|读后续写思考之四——找线索、明主题、搭建语法支架

3.以人物语言为线索

语言是最能体现人的个性的一个细节描写,也是记叙文写作中必不可少的一个描写,正所谓“口是心的体现”,不同性格的人说出来的话是很不一样的。我们的作文要是能以语言作为记叙文的线索,通过反复地出现冲击读者的眼球,效果是很震撼的。

4. 以人物的神态为线索

神态没有动作和语言那么直接,但因为神态是最能体现人物心情的一个细节,因此,以神态为线索,能够直达人心,效果也是很好的。

5. 以人物身边物品为线索

相对前面只局限从人物本身来提取的线索来说,以物品为线索的范围更广,能展现的空间更广。以物品作为线索来表达某一个主题,这样的文章很值得品味。

一篇文章可能线索很多,而且很多时候突出主题的线索也是叠加在一起的。而怎么选线索,就是我要讲的故事语法了。

所谓故事语法,指的是故事体的叙述模式。任何一种言说方式,都有自己的“语法”,“故事”也不例外。“写作教学的核心任务,可以说就是:创建各种写作支架,帮助学生从写作的低水平状态走向高一级水平状态。”我认为,要想让学生的作文“有故事”,讲出好故事,就必须对故事的原理及基本“语法”做进一步探究,搭建语法支架,帮助学生讲出精彩的故事。

续写故事语法之一、寻找线索,作为续写中的种子,然后重点转换改造

对植物而言,种子是最初的本源,在种子里,包含了以后出现的所有特征的原貌。有没有种子,有什么样的种子,决定着能够长出什么样的东西来。同理,要想写好故事,也必须去寻找这“最初的本源”,也就是故事的“种子”。故事的“种子”来源于生活,但又不等同于生活的琐碎。

我还是以上篇作文为例吧,老读者读过了就很熟悉,实际上我试过了十来篇,基本任何一篇读后续写都是可以的。

(苏州期初考试)

Just after New Year’s, before school vacation ended, I went out for a walk. It was a walk I’d been meaning to take ever since we moved to the house.

I took my camera—the first time I’d taken my camera out since we came to the country—and went, dressed in my down jacket and wearing heavy boots. I walked toward the seemingly abandoned house that I could see across the fields from the upstairs window.

A truck was parked at the end of the road, beside a tiny, weather-beaten house. There was smoke coming out of the chimney, and curtains in the two little windows on either side of the door. A dog was in the yard, who barked when he saw me coming. And beside the truck—no, actually in the truck, or at least with his head inside it, was a man.

“Hi,” I called. It would have been silly to turn around and start walking home without saying anything, even though I’ve promised my parents all my life that I would never talk to strange men.

He lifted out his head, a gray head, smiled—a nice smile—and said, “Miss Chalmers. I’m glad you’ve come to visit.”

“Meg,” I said. I was puzzled. How did he know who I was?

“For Margaret?” he asked, coming over and shaking my hand. “Forgive me. My hands are very dirty. My battery dies in this cold weather.”

“How did you know my name was Chalmers?”

He wiped his hands on a towel that was hanging from the door handle of the truck. “My dear, I apologize. I have not even introduced myself. My name is Will Banks. And it’s much too cold to stand out here. Your feet must be frozen, even in those boots. Come inside, and I’ll make us each a cup of tea. And I’ll tell you how I know your name.”

I stood unmoved. He saw me hesitate, and smiled. “Meg,” he said, “I’m seventy years old. Completely harmless, even to a beautiful young girl like you. Come on in and keep me company for a bit, and get warm.”

I laughed, because he knew what I was thinking, and very few people ever know what I’m thinking. Then I went in his house.

线索:

an old man,I

人物表情

I stood unmoved.He saw me hesitate, and smiled.I laughed, because he knew what I was thinking, and very few people ever know what I’m thinking.

camera, truck, dog, abandoned and tiny, weather-beaten house,

人物对话

“Hi,” I called.“Forgive me. My hands are very dirty. My battery dies in this cold weather.”“My dear, I apologize. I have not even introduced myself. My name is Will Banks. And it’s much too cold to stand out here. Your feet must be frozen, even in those boots. Come inside, and I’ll make us each a cup of tea. And I’ll tell you how I know your name.”“Meg,” he said, “I’m seventy years old. Completely harmless, even to a beautiful young girl like you. Come on in and keep me company for a bit, and get warm.”

感情

lonely(主要自己总结);I’ve promised my parents all my life that I would never talk to strange men.

问题

How did he know me?

以上都可以作为推进故事的线索,但选一个线索作为种子来转化加工就要基于读者的经验和慧眼了。举例:

假设一:“Hi,” I called为线索,这个实际上很不合适了,真要作为线索,那就要改造,譬如在文章中,我说了一个“Hi”,然后我笑着问。最后末句写 :多年以后,看到我拍的那天下午的照片,我情不自禁笑了,我对他说:Hi,my friend。

假设二:My dear, I apologize…这个对话,主要是突出这个老人的considerate,那么就要在续写中多处凸显,譬如喝茶,他会提醒我慢慢喝,不要急。他是不是会提到曾经用卡车帮助我们搬家,只是那时我很小,而且还送给我一个相机作为纪念。而我手中的相机就是他送的。

假设三:以相机为线索,可以参考第二种,当然也可以参考我上一篇,我们都是摄影爱好者,曾经见过面,只是我已经不记得。

假设四:以情感变化为线索,我从never talk to strangers到敢于说话。

学生没有内容写,主要是因为不会“转换”。故事的“种子”藏在纷繁琐碎的日常生活中,根据既有的“特别之处”去发现固然重要,但我们要知道,写作不仅要有真实的生活,更要有作者“经验”的生活,即经作者内心感悟、加工、提炼、重组了的生活,因此,运用故事的“语法”引导学生对普通材料进行加工和转换,使之具有“特别之处”,就能够创造出新的故事的“种子”。由“发现”而“改造”“转换”,符合学生认知发展的规律,他们的“故事”之路便能越走越宽。

二、续写故事语法之二、“添枝加叶” 与矛盾解决

绝大多数人会认为“故事”就是“一件事”,但只要追问下去,就不难发现其中存在的问题— —“ 一个男孩在打篮球”肯定是一件事,但没有人会认为它是一个“故事”。而只要稍微改造一下——“一个男孩在打篮球,篮球碰到一个路过的人身上,那人笑了笑,把球又扔给男孩”—— 就是一个故事了。可见,单个事件是不能构成故事的,最小故事至少要由三个相结合的事件组成”。我们说的“conflict-solution-ending”就是构建故事的框架。

以上段说的: 我对他说:Hi,my friend。

写这个结尾,是因为林海音的《爸爸的花儿落了》。主题是“物非人非事事非,往日不可追”,爸爸是爱花的,我戴着这花,带着爸爸的期望,去参加毕业典礼。想起自己小时候爸爸总是让我多闯练,可是现在“爸爸的花儿落了,我也不再是小孩子了”,一切都随之而去了。

“物是人是缘来客”,无论我们身在何处,每次回到母校,看到母校的老师和同学,当年的教室,操场的篮筐,校园一草一木都承载着我们的共同青春记忆,我们还是当年的彼此,默契地道一句:“原来你也还在这里。”

更因为都德的《最后一课》中的结尾:然后他呆在那儿,头靠着墙壁,话也不说,只想我们做了一个手势:“散学了——你们走吧。”

读者可以看到,单纯说Hi, my friend,这是起不到任何效果的,而是需要setting和action的衬托。今天我给学生说,你写了很多续写后,发现结尾用阳光,安静的背景就很有意境,最好还有一定的动作情节。

我举的例子:房间里很静。如何通过一些情节描写来衬托:

提示:

(1)加一点风

(2)加一点阳光

(3)加一点人物动作

提示的词:

安静

He even heard a pin drop.

The room had gone very quiet, as if time had stopped.

He was surrounded by a wall of silence.

There was only silence thudding in her ears.

There was a moment of silence, stillness, as if the world was holding its breath.

There was no sound. No birds singing. No trees rustling. No voices murmuring. Just silence and her own gasping breath.

The silence came surging back, wrapping round them, making them feel isolated from the rest of the world.

The wind sighed and whispered, rustling the leaves around them.

The wind began to whine through the trees and bent the tops of the branches.

The night breeze sighed into her ear as it whispered through the window.

She lay on her bed listening to the wind outside the window. Inside, the old house creaked and rattled in the dark.

A little whisper of a breeze flicked the curtains away from the window.

The wind lashed against the windows, hammered at the glass.

三、续写故事语法之三、故事联结与障碍叠加

真实的故事都不是简单的故事,它们往往由很多“最小故事” 联结而成。通过“联结”,就可以将简单的故事发展成为一个较为复杂的故事。根据“联结”的“小故事”之间的关系,可以分为“顺向联结”“反向联结”“ 交替联结”。

“顺向联结” 指根据最初的小故事,联结符合发展常理的小故事,使之发展成为一个复杂的故事。“反向联结”是在初始故事的后面,联结和常规发展方向相反的小故事,使之发展成为一个复杂的故事。“交替联结” 则是将两个或两个以上相关的“种子”放在一起,使之交替发展并联结在一起,构成更为复杂的故事。在实际作文教学中,我们可以运用“联结”的方法帮助学生将短文写长,写精彩。

在联结的过程中,要注意“障碍”的叠加,让“矛盾——解决” 这一过程反复出现,从而收到一波三折的效果。

以上文续写为例:

如何解决:How did he know me?

设计一个交替链接:老人说你的相机里有一个东西,我曾经修过的。我感到更加困惑。他告诉我,这是在你10岁搬家的时候我送给你的。今天我们又见面了。

读者需要牢记:“无巧不成书”是文学艺术的奥妙。表面看来, 巧合似乎带有极大的偶然性, 其实这种偶然性常常隐藏着必然性的因素。因为我喜欢摄影,所以就会到处游览,碰到这个老人也是一种必然了。

我以《雷雨》为例,英语中的欧亨利作品更不用说了,就是通过一家人的巧合来展示人物的矛盾冲突,推动情节向前发展,把巧合性和中国民族戏剧的故事性熔为了一体。它写出了一个封建资产阶级大家庭的矛盾,周朴园是这个大家庭的统治者,侍萍是三十年前周朴园引诱而又遗弃的侍女,她要找的女儿四凤正在周家做婢女,勾引四风的周家大少爷是侍萍的亲生儿子,带走的儿子鲁大海又正在周朴园矿上做工,做了罢工工人的代表,作者巧妙地将这一家人安置在一个特定的环境中一起相遇,通过巧合,众多人物错综复杂的关系,纳入一完整的悲剧故事之中,致使意想不到的情节接踵而来,置人于悬念之中;揭露了这个带有浓厚封建色彩的资产阶级家庭的腐朽和崩溃。巧合的构思技巧体现出现实广义的深刻性和矛盾冲突。

而我上面的设计也是让不同线索叠加并且形成联结,这就增加了故事的耐读,并且语篇上也更加衔接。

感谢读者有耐心读到此处,本文稍微有点长,最近思考比较深入,如果有用,赞赏一下让我吃饭加个鸡腿也无妨哦。返回搜狐,查看更多

相关推荐